PBS高端访问:美国疾控中心为医务人员和机场检查制定新指南

 　　GWEN IFILL: Now to an update on the Ebola crisis.

　　As more potentially infected individuals have emerged from quarantine and treatment in the U.S., in recent days, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued a new set of protocols¹ designed to reduce risk for health care workers. And the Department of Homeland Security announced today it will allow travelers from Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea to enter the country only through five airports equipped for additional screening.

　　This evening, I spoke² with Dr. Thomas Frieden, the director of the CDC.

　　Dr. Frieden, thank you for joining us again.

　　We have had some interesting news the past few days, the news of the end of the Ebola epidemic³ in Nigeria at least, the release of people from quarantine in Dallas, and just this afternoon we were hearing the upgraded condition of one of the nurses who was infected in Dallas.

　　Now I'm wondering whether it's too soon to be getting optimistic about the course of this infection.

　　DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN, Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: We have to keep our guard up.

　　There are still thousands of cases in West Africa. The epidemic is still increasing in Sierra Leone and parts of Guinea. And there's — there's no time for complacency. We absolutely need to keep our guard up.

　　GWEN IFILL: Can we talk about the new protocols you announced last night about — for health care workers and what difference they will make?

　　DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: What we're doing is being more protective, adding a margin⁴ of safety, and doing that in three fundamental ways, first, ensuring that health care workers know what to do to put on and take of protective gear, so there's training and practice over and over again, so that it's done well.

　　Second, the gear that we're recommending now has no skin exposed to have that extra margin of safety. And, third, a trained observer watches and checks off each and every step putting on and taking off the gear. That's critically important to protect health care workers, because even a single infection is one infection too many.

　　GWEN IFILL: But these protocols are voluntary, are they not?

　　DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: We find that the hospital generally follows CDC guideline. CDC is not a regulatory agency, but other parts of the federal government and states can impose regulations.

　　GWEN IFILL: Do these hospitals where this training is going to take effect, do they have even enough beds, enough isolation⁵ units for people?

　　DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: The physical space is not the hardest part, though there are hard parts about that, because you need an anteroom or separate area to put on and take off the protective gear.

　　And it doesn't require special rooms. What it does require is special training, special equipment for protection and rigorous monitoring and oversight⁶. This, we found in Africa and here. You need someone there full-time⁷ watching and checking to make sure that there are no missteps.

　　GWEN IFILL: But you don't need to have isolation areas, isolated⁹ rooms, isolated beds?

　　DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: You do need a separate area to take care of patients with Ebola.

　　And there are a lot of complicated aspects of creating that. You need a clean area and a dirty area. You need an anteroom. You need a separate place for putting on and taking off the protective gear. With this new guideline, it becomes much more challenging and it requires a much more specialized¹⁰ approach for hospitals.

　　But every hospital, every emergency department in the country needs to think Ebola. For anyone with fever or other signs of infection, ask about travel history. Have you been to Guinea, Liberia or Sierra Leone in the past 21 days? And if they have, stop, isolate⁸, assess, call for help.

　　GWEN IFILL: You talk about travel experience. Today, we heard from the Department of Homeland Security that they're going to limit the egress¹¹, I guess, the entrance to the United States to five airports from any of these three affected¹² countries.

　　That would affect maybe nine people a day? What effect does that have?

　　DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: That's actually very helpful for us, because at CDC what we have done is, working closely with Homeland Security and Border Protection, we're at each of these five airports with a team 24/7.

　　And what we do is ensure that every person coming in, they're initially¹³ screened by customs. And if they either have a fever or they have had contact with Ebola, they have come to us for tertiary screening. If we find anyone who has any symptoms — and we know we will pick up people with flu or cold or people who vomited¹⁴ on the plane because they felt bad. But if there's any suspicion of Ebola, then we will take them to a hospital that's prepared to deal with Ebola.

　　GWEN IFILL: There's been much conversation here in Washington about the appointment of what some people call an Ebola czar, what the White House calls an Ebola coordinator¹⁵.

　　Two questions. Is that something which is needed? Is that helpful to you? And why aren't you the Ebola czar?

　　DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: I'm delighted that there's an Ebola coordinator.

　　I'm looking forward to his visit to Atlanta next week. I have spoken with him already. And it's really important that we have coordination¹⁶ across the whole government. We can do the public health part at CDC, but there are so many aspects of this response that require a whole-of-government approach for accountability, coordination, liaison¹⁷ functions, troubleshooting.

　　There's been — everyone has been doing their part, but a coordinator allows us to do that more efficiently¹⁸ and effectively.

　　GWEN IFILL: And, finally, I want to ask you about the way the public has been reacting to all of this. There's a Gallup poll which says it's among the top 10 issues Americans worry about.

　　And there's a Pew poll that shows 41 percent say they worry that they or someone they know, some family member will be infected. Do they have reason to worry?

　　DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: You know, it's hard to gauge¹⁹ risk sometimes, but, realistically, if you're a health care worker caring for one of the two patients with Ebola being cared for, three patients with Ebola being cared for in the U.S. today, you should be very careful.

　　If you are an emergency room doctor or nurse treating people with fever, you should think about Ebola. But, for everyone else, the risk of Ebola is really extraordinarily²⁰ remote. But we can't let our guard down. As long as the outbreak continues in Africa, the risk of another traveler coming in of someone, responder going and back and getting it is there.

　　So it won't be zero until we stop the outbreak at the source in Africa.

　　GWEN IFILL: Thomas Frieden, executive director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, thank you very much for joining us again.

　　DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: Thank you.

1 protocols   

n.礼仪( protocol的名词复数 )；（外交条约的）草案；（数据传递的）协议；科学实验报告（或计划）

参考例句：

• There are also protocols on the testing of nuclear weapons. 也有关于核武器试验的协议。 来自辞典例句
• Hardware components and software design of network transport protocols are separately introduced. 介绍系统硬件组成及网络传输协议的软件设计。 来自互联网

2 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

3 epidemic   

n.流行病；盛行；adj.流行性的，流传极广的

参考例句：

• That kind of epidemic disease has long been stamped out.那种传染病早已绝迹。
• The authorities tried to localise the epidemic.当局试图把流行病限制在局部范围。

4 margin   

n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘

参考例句：

• We allowed a margin of 20 minutes in catching the train.我们有20分钟的余地赶火车。
• The village is situated at the margin of a forest.村子位于森林的边缘。

5 isolation   

n.隔离，孤立，分解，分离

参考例句：

• The millionaire lived in complete isolation from the outside world.这位富翁过着与世隔绝的生活。
• He retired and lived in relative isolation.他退休后，生活比较孤寂。

6 oversight   

n.勘漏，失察，疏忽

参考例句：

• I consider this a gross oversight on your part.我把这件事看作是你的一大疏忽。
• Your essay was not marked through an oversight on my part.由于我的疏忽你的文章没有打分。

7 full-time   

adj.满工作日的或工作周的，全时间的

参考例句：

• A full-time job may be too much for her.全天工作她恐怕吃不消。
• I don't know how she copes with looking after her family and doing a full-time job.既要照顾家庭又要全天工作，我不知道她是如何对付的。

8 isolate   

vt.使孤立，隔离

参考例句：

• Do not isolate yourself from others.不要把自己孤立起来。
• We should never isolate ourselves from the masses.我们永远不能脱离群众。

9 isolated   

adj.与世隔绝的

参考例句：

• His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。
• Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。

10 specialized   

adj.专门的，专业化的

参考例句：

• There are many specialized agencies in the United Nations.联合国有许多专门机构。
• These tools are very specialized.这些是专用工具。

11 egress   

n.出去；出口

参考例句：

• Safe access and egress can be achieved by various methods.可以采用各种方法安全的进入或离开。
• Drains achieve a ready egress of the liquid blood.引流能为血液提供一个容易的出口。

12 affected   

adj.不自然的，假装的

参考例句：

• She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
• His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。

13 initially   

adv.最初，开始

参考例句：

• The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
• Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。

14 vomited   

参考例句：

• Corbett leaned against the wall and promptly vomited. 科比特倚在墙边，马上呕吐了起来。
• She leant forward and vomited copiously on the floor. 她向前一俯，哇的一声吐了一地。 来自英汉文学

15 coordinator   

n.协调人

参考例句：

• The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, headed by the Emergency Relief Coordinator, coordinates all UN emergency relief. 联合国人道主义事务协调厅在紧急救济协调员领导下，负责协调联合国的所有紧急救济工作。
• How am I supposed to find the client-relations coordinator? 我怎么才能找到客户关系协调员的办公室？

16 coordination   

n.协调，协作

参考例句：

• Gymnastics is a sport that requires a considerable level of coordination.体操是一项需要高协调性的运动。
• The perfect coordination of the dancers and singers added a rhythmic charm to the performance.舞蹈演员和歌手们配合得很好，使演出更具魅力。

17 liaison   

n.联系，（未婚男女间的）暖昧关系，私通

参考例句：

• She acts as a liaison between patients and staff.她在病人与医护人员间充当沟通的桥梁。
• She is responsible for liaison with researchers at other universities.她负责与其他大学的研究人员联系。

18 efficiently   

adv.高效率地，有能力地

参考例句：

• The worker oils the machine to operate it more efficiently.工人给机器上油以使机器运转更有效。
• Local authorities have to learn to allocate resources efficiently.地方政府必须学会有效地分配资源。

19 gauge   

v.精确计量；估计；n.标准度量；计量器

参考例句：

• Can you gauge what her reaction is likely to be?你能揣测她的反应可能是什么吗？
• It's difficult to gauge one's character.要判断一个人的品格是很困难的。

20 extraordinarily   

adv.格外地；极端地

参考例句：

• She is an extraordinarily beautiful girl.她是个美丽非凡的姑娘。
• The sea was extraordinarily calm that morning.那天清晨，大海出奇地宁静。