Who Was Leonardo da Vinci 达·芬奇 PARCHMENT AND PAPER

PARCHMENT IS MADE FROM THE SKINS OF ANIMALS SUCH AS SHEEP, CALVES¹, OR GOATS. THE SKIN IS DRIED AND TREATED UNTIL IT BECOMES FLAT AND PAPERLIKE.

PARCHMENT IS MUCH STRONGER THAN PAPER. IT IS MORE EXPENSIVE, TOO. THE BEAUTIFUL PRAYER BOOKS AND BIBLES COPIED BY HAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES WERE ON PARCHMENT. PARCHMENT IS RARELY USED TODAY.

PAPER WAS FIRST MADE IN CHINA ALMOST TWO THOUSAND YEARS AGO BY USING BARK FROM THE MULBERRY TREE. (TODAY, THE FINEST PAPER IS MADE FROM CLOTH RAGS.) PAPER WAS MADE BY WETTING AND POUNDING THE MATERIAL UNTIL IT SEPARATED INTO FIBERS² OR STRANDS³. THESE WERE THEN BROKEN DOWN INTO A LIQUIDLIKE SUBSTANCE THAT WAS POURED ONTO A MESH⁴ MOLD. AFTER THE SUBSTANCE DRAINED ON THE MOLD, IT COULD BE LIFTED OFF AS A SHEET OF PAPER. IN EUROPE, PAPER WAS INTRODUCED BY THE MOORS⁵ OF NORTHERN AFRICA. THE FIRST PAPERMAKING MILL WAS BUILT IN SPAIN AROUND 1150.

1 calves   

n.(calf的复数)笨拙的男子，腓；腿肚子( calf的名词复数 )；牛犊；腓；小腿肚v.生小牛( calve的第三人称单数 )；（冰川）崩解；生（小牛等），产（犊）；使（冰川）崩解

参考例句：

• a cow suckling her calves 给小牛吃奶的母牛
• The calves are grazed intensively during their first season. 小牛在生长的第一季里集中喂养。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 fibers   

光纤( fiber的名词复数 )； （织物的）质地； 纤维，纤维物质

参考例句：

• Thesolution of collagen-PVA was wet spined with the sodium sulfate as coagulant and collagen-PVA composite fibers were prepared. 在此基础上，以硫酸钠为凝固剂，对胶原-PVA共混溶液进行湿法纺丝，制备了胶原-PVA复合纤维。
• Sympathetic fibers are distributed to all regions of the heart. 交感神经纤维分布于心脏的所有部分。

3 strands   

n.（线、绳、金属线、毛发等的）股( strand的名词复数 )；缕；海洋、湖或河的)岸；（观点、计划、故事等的）部份v.使滞留，使搁浅( strand的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Twist a length of rope from strands of hemp. 用几股麻搓成了一段绳子。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• She laced strands into a braid. 她把几股线编织成一根穗带。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 mesh   

n.网孔，网丝，陷阱；vt.以网捕捉，啮合，匹配；vi.适合； [计算机]网络

参考例句：

• Their characters just don't mesh.他们的性格就是合不来。
• This is the net having half inch mesh.这是有半英寸网眼的网。

5 moors   

v.停泊，系泊（船只）( moor的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• the North York moors 北约克郡的漠泽
• They're shooting grouse up on the moors. 他们在荒野射猎松鸡。 来自《简明英汉词典》