经济学人:疫苗 及时一针(下)

 　　Some outbreaks in eastern Europe have started in communities of Roma (gypsies).  东欧的某些疾病爆发于罗马（吉普赛人）的社区，

　　Members of this poor and ostracised minority are shunned¹ by health workers and often go unvaccinated. 这些贫穷、被放逐的少数民族得不到医务人员的关注，他们通常没有接种疫苗。

　　Several governments are trying to raise vaccination⁵ rates by making life harder for parents who do not vaccinate⁴ their children.  几个国家试图通过干预那些不让孩子接种疫苗的家庭的生活，从而提高疫苗接种率。

　　A measles⁶ outbreak last year that started with an unvaccinated child visiting Disneyland and spread from there to seven states prompted California to make a full vaccination record a condition of entry to state schools.  去年美国麻疹疫情爆发正是由于一名未接种疫苗的儿童在迪士尼乐园游玩，造成麻疹疫情迅速传播至七个州。此次疫情爆发，促使加利福利亚州制定了详尽的疫苗接种记录，这一完善的记录成为进入公立学校的条件。

　　The previous year, in a quarter of schools too few children had been vaccinated³ against measles to confer herd⁷ immunity⁸.  前年，四分之一的学校中，极少数孩子注射麻疹疫苗以达到群体免疫。

　　A dozen other states are considering similar bills.  其它的十二个州正在考虑与之类似的法案。

　　After a toddler died from measles last year, Germany recently started to oblige parents who do not wish their children to be vaccinated to discuss the decision with a doctor before they can enroll⁹ a child in nursery.  去年，一名幼儿死于麻疹后，德国开始对进入托儿所设立门槛，除非那些不愿让孩子接种疫苗的父母可以跟医生就接种疫苗展开商讨。

　　Australia’s new “no jabs, no pay” law withdraws child benefits from parents who do not vaccinate, unless they have sound medical reasons. 澳大利亚出台新法案“没有接种，就没有补助”同时取消没有接种疫苗的儿童津贴，除非父母可以提供一些合理的拒绝接种的医疗理由。

　　There is, however, surprisingly little evidence that tough laws make a big difference to vaccination rates.  然而，出人意料的是鲜有证据表明严格的法律能对疫苗接种率起到很大的作用。

　　European countries that are similar in most respects (such as the Nordics) may have similar rates for jabs that are mandatory¹⁰ in one country but not in another—or very different rates despite having the same rules.  那些在某些方面具有相同特性（如具有北欧日耳曼民族外貌特征）的欧洲国家，尽管一国规定强制接种另一国不强制，但两国却有相接近的疫苗接种率；然而有相同的接种规定的国家却有不同的疫苗接种率。

　　Rates in some American states where parents can easily opt¹¹ out are as high as in West Virginia and Mississippi, which have long allowed only medical exemptions¹³. 在美国，西弗吉尼亚州和密西西比州一直以来仅允许提供合理医学证明的人拒绝接种，而其它一些相对容易逃脱接种的州的疫苗接种率却同前两个州一样高。

　　And strict rules may even harden anti-vaccination attitudes.  严格的规定甚至会使得反疫苗接种的态度变得强硬。

　　Australia had previously¹⁴ made exemption¹² conditional¹⁵ on speaking to a doctor or nurse about the benefits of vaccines¹⁷.  澳大利亚先前对谈及疫苗好处的医生或护士有豁免条件。

　　The new rules mean fewer chances to change parents'minds.  新规定意味着改变父母想法的可能性更小。

　　Research suggests that making it harder to avoid the most important vaccines may make it more likely that people who strongly oppose vaccination in general shun² optional ones, says Cornelia Betsch of the University of Erfurt. 埃尔福特大学的科妮莉亚说，研究表明对接种最为重要的疫苗实行更严格的要求，会使得那些通常拒绝接种的人们更容易的放弃可自由选择接种的疫苗。

　　More important, say public-health experts, is to boost confidence in the safety of vaccines and trust in the authorities that recommend them—both badly damaged in many European countries by pastpublic-health mis-steps, such as a scandal with contaminated blood supply in France from the late 1990s.  公共卫生专家说道，更重要的是要增强人们对疫苗安全的信心和对官方机构的信任，而这两“信”曾在许多欧洲国家由于过去公共卫生的过失政策被严重破坏过，例如20世纪90年代末法国的血液供给被污染的丑闻。

　　The best way to handle a vaccine¹⁶ scare is to express empathy and promptly¹⁸ share the results from investigations¹⁹ of alleged²⁰ adverse²¹ reactions, says Heidi Larson of the London School of Hygiene²² and Tropical Medicine.  伦敦卫生和热带医学学院海蒂?拉森说道，处理疫苗恐慌最好的方法是表达同情，并立即分享来自机构的所谓不良反应的消息。

　　British authorities'dismissive response to the MMR scare failed to reassure²³ worried parents. 英方对麻风腮三联疫苗恐慌轻视的处理方式没能使得忧虑的父母安心下来。

　　One promising²⁴ new approach is to keep track of the vaccine myths circulating in cyberspace²⁵ and rebut²⁶ each one as it appears.  一个有希望的新方法是及时了解在网络上散布疫苗谬论的动态，每当一个谣言出现时就反驳它。

　　This requires tracking information from search engines and following anti-vaccination websites and parents'forums.  这要求追踪搜索引擎、反疫苗网站和父母论坛的信息。

　　On one such forum²⁷, worriers say they have scoured²⁸ government and vaccine-manufacturer websites but feel overwhelmed by information that they regard as inconclusive or contradictory²⁹.  在这样一个论坛上，忧虑者说他们搜遍了政府网站和疫苗制造商的网站，但对他们毫无定论和相互矛盾的信息感到不知所措。

　　One mother seeks advice on how to get around California’s “fascist” new rule.  一位母亲寻求如何避开加利福利亚“法西斯”般的规定的建议，

　　Another casts doubt on a study on severe allergic³⁰ reactions to vaccines: 33 cases from 25m jabs, she says, seems “fishily low”. 另一位母亲则对2500万疫苗接种只有33例剧烈过敏反应的研究生疑，说比例太低难以置信。

　　Some countries are starting information campaigns that treat such concerns with respect.  部分国家正开始以尊重对待忧虑的信息活动。

　　A parents'organisation in Bulgaria launched one recently, under the auspices³¹ of the ministry³² of health and the national association of paediatricians.  保加利亚的一个父母组织在卫生部和国家协会的儿科专家支持下发起了该活动。

　　Its website is jargon-free and easier to navigate³³ than unwieldy official hubs.  该网站语言通俗，避免了专业术语，比不实用的官方活动更易操作。

　　France is launching a national dialogue on vaccines this spring, with a website where citizens can swap³⁴ gripes, worries and advice. 法国在今春发起了疫苗国际对话活动，市民可在网络上发布怨言、忧虑和建议。

　　Although vaccine-hesitant parents often search for answers on the internet, their most trusted sources are doctors and nurses.  尽管在是否接种疫苗上犹豫不决的父母经常在网络上寻求答案，但是他们最信任的还是医生和护士。

　　The WHO recently developed guidelines to help health workers figure out, through a questionnaire, which type of worrier a parent is—and how to alleviate³⁵ specific concerns.  最近，世界卫生组织通过问卷，在帮助卫生工作者弄清楚父母属于哪种类型担忧和如何减轻特定的忧虑上制定了指导方针。

　　But recent research from several European countries shows that many doctors and nurses are also hesitant about vaccines, for much the same reasons as their patients.  但是，来自几个欧洲国家的近来研究表明许多医生和护士对接种疫苗也持迟疑态度，原因与父母一样。

　　In a survey conducted in 2014, 16-43% of French family doctors said they never or only sometimes recommended some of the standard vaccines. 在一个2014年进行的调查中，16%-43%的法国家庭医生说道他们从未或偶尔会推荐标准疫苗中的一些。

　　An additional problem is that many adults were not immunised as children and have not caught up since.  此外，许多成年人和小孩一样并没有免疫力，且从未引起重视。

　　In the 1970s and 1980s, when the measles vaccine was new, many children did not receive it, or got just one shot, which is now known not to be reliable in conferring immunity.  在20世纪70/80年代，当麻疹疫苗刚问世时，许多小孩并未接种或只是接种一次，更因不可信任而寻求免除接种疫苗。

　　Some countries offer free catch-up jabs to some adults when outbreaks flare³⁶ up—usually parents with small children and health workers in affected³⁷ areas. 当疾病爆发时，部分国家向一些成年人提供免费的强化疫苗，因为带小孩的父母和在受感染的地区的卫生工作者都是成年人。

　　But such efforts have, on the whole, been too little, too late.  但是总的来说，这些努力都太微不足道。

　　The return of easily preventable diseases that had all but disappeared is a shame.  那些差点就消失的可预防疾病的卷土重来本就是一种耻辱。

　　A bigger shame would be for governments to continue blaming it all on ignorant  parents. 而对政府来说，更耻辱的是他们还继续将责任推至那些无知的父母身上。

1 shunned   

v.避开，回避，避免( shun的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• She was shunned by her family when she remarried. 她再婚后家里人都躲着她。
• He was a shy man who shunned all publicity. 他是个怕羞的人，总是避开一切引人注目的活动。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 shun   

vt.避开，回避，避免

参考例句：

• Materialists face truth,whereas idealists shun it.唯物主义者面向真理，唯心主义者则逃避真理。
• This extremist organization has shunned conventional politics.这个极端主义组织有意避开了传统政治。

3 vaccinated   

[医]已接种的，种痘的，接种过疫菌的

参考例句：

• I was vaccinated against tetanus. 我接种了破伤风疫苗。
• Were you vaccinated against smallpox as a child? 你小时候打过天花疫苗吗？

4 vaccinate   

vt.给…接种疫苗；种牛痘

参考例句：

• Local health officials then can plan the best times to vaccinate people.这样，当地的卫生官员就可以安排最佳时间给人们接种疫苗。
• Doctors vaccinate us so that we do not catch smallpox.医生给我们打预防针使我们不会得天花。

5 vaccination   

n.接种疫苗，种痘

参考例句：

• Vaccination is a preventive against smallpox.种痘是预防天花的方法。
• Doctors suggest getting a tetanus vaccination every ten years.医生建议每十年注射一次破伤风疫苗。

6 measles   

n.麻疹，风疹，包虫病，痧子

参考例句：

• The doctor is quite definite about Tom having measles.医生十分肯定汤姆得了麻疹。
• The doctor told her to watch out for symptoms of measles.医生叫她注意麻疹出现的症状。

7 herd   

n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起

参考例句：

• She drove the herd of cattle through the wilderness.她赶着牛群穿过荒野。
• He had no opinions of his own but simply follow the herd.他从无主见，只是人云亦云。

8 immunity   

n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权

参考例句：

• The law gives public schools immunity from taxation.法律免除公立学校的纳税义务。
• He claims diplomatic immunity to avoid being arrested.他要求外交豁免以便避免被捕。

9 enroll   

v.招收；登记；入学；参军；成为会员（英)enrol

参考例句：

• I should like to enroll all my children in the swimming class.我愿意让我的孩子们都参加游泳班。
• They enroll him as a member of the club.他们吸收他为俱乐部会员。

10 mandatory   

adj.命令的；强制的；义务的；n.受托者

参考例句：

• It's mandatory to pay taxes.缴税是义务性的。
• There is no mandatory paid annual leave in the U.S.美国没有强制带薪年假。

11 opt   

vi.选择，决定做某事

参考例句：

• They opt for more holiday instead of more pay.他们选择了延长假期而不是增加工资。
• Will individual schools be given the right to opt out of the local school authority?各个学校可能有权选择退出地方教育局吗？

12 exemption   

n.豁免，免税额，免除

参考例句：

• You may be able to apply for exemption from local taxes.你可能符合资格申请免除地方税。
• These goods are subject to exemption from tax.这些货物可以免税。

13 exemptions   

n.（义务等的）免除( exemption的名词复数 )；免（税）；（收入中的）免税额

参考例句：

• The exemptions for interpretive rules, policy statements, and procedural rules have just been discussed. 有关解释性规则、政策说明和程序规则的免责我们刚刚讨论过。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法
• A: The regulation outlines specific exemptions for some WPM. 答：该规定概述了某些木质包装材料的特定的例外情形。 来自互联网

14 previously   

adv.以前，先前（地）

参考例句：

• The bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
• Let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿，解释原先发生了什么。

15 conditional   

adj.条件的，带有条件的

参考例句：

• My agreement is conditional on your help.你肯帮助我才同意。
• There are two forms of most-favored-nation treatment:conditional and unconditional.最惠国待遇有两种形式:有条件的和无条件的。

16 vaccine   

n.牛痘苗，疫苗；adj.牛痘的，疫苗的

参考例句：

• The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
• She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。

17 vaccines   

疫苗，痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。
• The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。

18 promptly   

adv.及时地，敏捷地

参考例句：

• He paid the money back promptly.他立即还了钱。
• She promptly seized the opportunity his absence gave her.她立即抓住了因他不在场给她创造的机会。

19 investigations   

（正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究

参考例句：

• His investigations were intensive and thorough but revealed nothing. 他进行了深入彻底的调查，但没有发现什么。
• He often sent them out to make investigations. 他常常派他们出去作调查。

20 alleged   

a.被指控的，嫌疑的

参考例句：

• It was alleged that he had taken bribes while in office. 他被指称在任时收受贿赂。
• alleged irregularities in the election campaign 被指称竞选运动中的不正当行为

21 adverse   

adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的

参考例句：

• He is adverse to going abroad.他反对出国。
• The improper use of medicine could lead to severe adverse reactions.用药不当会产生严重的不良反应。

22 hygiene   

n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic）

参考例句：

• Their course of study includes elementary hygiene and medical theory.他们的课程包括基础卫生学和医疗知识。
• He's going to give us a lecture on public hygiene.他要给我们作关于公共卫生方面的报告。

23 reassure   

v.使放心，使消除疑虑

参考例句：

• This seemed to reassure him and he continued more confidently.这似乎使他放心一点，于是他更有信心地继续说了下去。
• The airline tried to reassure the customers that the planes were safe.航空公司尽力让乘客相信飞机是安全的。

24 promising   

adj.有希望的，有前途的

参考例句：

• The results of the experiments are very promising.实验的结果充满了希望。
• We're trying to bring along one or two promising young swimmers.我们正设法培养出一两名有前途的年轻游泳选手。

25 cyberspace   

n.虚拟信息空间，网络空间，计算机化世界

参考例句：

• She travels in cyberspace by sending messages to friends around the world.她利用电子空间给世界各地的朋友们发送信件。
• The teens spend more time in cyberspace than in the real world of friends and family.青少年花费在电脑上的时间比他们和真正的朋友及家人在一起的时间要多。

26 rebut   

v.辩驳，驳回

参考例句：

• He attempted to rebut the assertions made by the prosecution witness.他试图反驳控方证人所作的断言。
• This open letter is to rebut the argument of abstractionism.这封公开信是反驳抽象派论点的。

27 forum   

n.论坛，讨论会

参考例句：

• They're holding a forum on new ways of teaching history.他们正在举行历史教学讨论会。
• The organisation would provide a forum where problems could be discussed.这个组织将提供一个可以讨论问题的平台。

28 scoured   

走遍（某地）搜寻（人或物）( scour的过去式和过去分词 )； （用力）刷； 擦净； 擦亮

参考例句：

• We scoured the area for somewhere to pitch our tent. 我们四处查看，想找一个搭帐篷的地方。
• The torrents scoured out a channel down the hill side. 急流沿着山腰冲刷出一条水沟。

29 contradictory   

adj.反驳的，反对的，抗辩的；n.正反对，矛盾对立

参考例句：

• The argument is internally contradictory.论据本身自相矛盾。
• What he said was self-contradictory.他讲话前后不符。

30 allergic   

adj.过敏的，变态的

参考例句：

• Alice is allergic to the fur of cats.艾丽斯对猫的皮毛过敏。
• Many people are allergic to airborne pollutants such as pollen.许多人对空气传播的污染物过敏，比如花粉。

31 auspices   

n.资助，赞助

参考例句：

• The association is under the auspices of Word Bank.这个组织是在世界银行的赞助下办的。
• The examination was held under the auspices of the government.这次考试是由政府主办的。

32 ministry   

n.(政府的)部；牧师

参考例句：

• They sent a deputation to the ministry to complain.他们派了一个代表团到部里投诉。
• We probed the Air Ministry statements.我们调查了空军部的记录。

33 navigate   

v.航行，飞行；导航，领航

参考例句：

• He was the first man to navigate the Atlantic by air.他是第一个飞越大西洋的人。
• Such boats can navigate on the Nile.这种船可以在尼罗河上航行。

34 swap   

n.交换；vt.交换，用...作交易

参考例句：

• I will swap you my bicycle for your radio.我想拿我的自行车换你的收音机。
• This comic was a swap that I got from Nick.这本漫画书是我从尼克那里换来的。

35 alleviate   

v.减轻，缓和，缓解(痛苦等)

参考例句：

• The doctor gave her an injection to alleviate the pain.医生给她注射以减轻疼痛。
• Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。

36 flare   

v.闪耀，闪烁；n.潮红；突发

参考例句：

• The match gave a flare.火柴发出闪光。
• You need not flare up merely because I mentioned your work.你大可不必因为我提到你的工作就动怒。

37 affected   

adj.不自然的，假装的

参考例句：

• She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
• His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。