美国国家公共电台 NPR 拉丁美洲政坛新现象 武装部队可能卷土重来

We're going to take a wide-lens look now at Latin America after a painful history of military dictatorships. The region is now ruled by civilian¹ presidents. But many of these leaders are deeply unpopular. And some are facing mass protests. And as John Otis reports, the door may be open again for the armed forces in the region to re-enter politics.

拉丁美洲经历了一段痛苦的军事独裁历史，现在我们将从更广的角度来审视拉丁美洲。该地区目前由平民总统统治。但这些领导人中有许多人极不受欢迎。一些领导人面临着大规模抗议。据约翰·奥蒂斯报道，该地区武装力量重返政坛的大门可能再次开启。

JOHN OTIS, BYLINE²: In an election last October that was marred³ by fraud, Evo Morales claimed to have won a fourth term as Bolivia's president. Amid demands that he step down, Morales clung to power. But then Bolivia's armed forces commander weighed in.

约翰·奥蒂斯连线：在去年10月举行的因舞弊而遭到破坏的选举中，埃沃·莫拉莱斯宣称赢得第四个玻利维亚总统任期。虽然民众要求他下台，但莫拉莱斯把持权力不放。之后，玻利维亚武装部队指挥官做出表态。

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（录音档案）

WILLIAMS KALIMAN: (Speaking Spanish).

威廉姆斯·卡利曼：（用西班牙语讲话）。

OTIS: In a TV address, General Williams Kaliman said, we suggest that the president resign for the good of Bolivia. A few hours later, Morales did just that. But not long afterwards, street protests broke out against Bolivia's new government. Military jets buzzed the capital city of La Paz to break up the crowds.

奥蒂斯：威廉姆斯·卡利曼将军在电视讲话中表示，我们建议总统为了玻利维亚的利益辞职。几个小时之后，莫拉莱斯宣布辞职。但不久之后，反对玻利维亚新政府的街头抗议爆发。军用飞机在首都拉巴斯上空飞过，目的是驱散人群。

(SOUNDBITE OF JET FLYING)

（飞机飞行的声音）

OTIS: It's not just Bolivia. Across Latin America, militaries are throwing their weight around. In El Salvador this month, soldiers briefly⁴ occupied the congress building to intimidate⁵ legislators into passing an anti-crime bill. In Mexico and Chile, troops have been sent into the streets to hunt down criminals and disperse⁶ protesters. When going on TV to announce gas-price hikes and other controversial measures, the presidents of Peru, Ecuador and Honduras have surrounded themselves with stern-looking generals. Adam Isacson of the Washington Office on Latin America says that such appearances serve as stark⁷ warnings to would-be protesters that the armed forces stand firmly in the president's corner.

奥蒂斯：不仅是玻利维亚。军队正在拉丁美洲各国施压。本月在萨尔瓦多，士兵临时占领了国会大楼，威胁议会通过一项反犯罪法案。在墨西哥和智利，军队被部署到街上追捕罪犯并驱散抗议者。当秘鲁、厄瓜多尔和洪都拉斯总统在电视上宣布油价上调和其他备受争议的举措时，他们身边站着表情严肃的将军。华盛顿拉丁美洲问题办事处的亚当·艾萨克森表示，这样的公开露面是在向潜在抗议者发出严厉警告：武装部队坚定地支持总统。

ADAM ISACSON: The high command is certainly lending itself to political messaging at key moments. And so that is a political role that is pretty crucial.

亚当·艾萨克森：最高指挥部在关键时刻肯定会为政治信息服务。因此，这是相当关键的政治角色。

OTIS: In Venezuela, military officers manage everything from state food distribution to oil production. In Brazil, nine of the 22 ministers in President Jair Bolsonaro's government come from the armed forces. Bolsonaro is himself a former army captain.

奥蒂斯：在委内瑞拉，军事官员管理着从国家食物分配到石油生产的一切事务。而在巴西，总统雅伊尔·博索纳罗政府的22名部长中有9人来自武装部队。博索纳罗本为曾是陆军上尉。

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（录音档案）

UNIDENTIFIED CROWD: (Singing in Portuguese).

身份不明的人群：（用葡萄牙语唱歌）。

OTIS: He recently held this military parade to commemorate⁸ the 1964 coup⁹ that ushered¹⁰ in Brazil's 21-year dictatorship. That period was one of Latin America's darkest, a time when abusive military strongmen held sway across much of the region. Thousands of dissidents were tortured and killed. Adam Isacson says that when these dictatorships finally collapsed¹¹, a new generation of civilian presidents worked hard to rid their governments of military influence.

奥蒂斯：博索纳罗最近举行了阅兵仪式，以纪念1964年那场开启巴西长达21年独裁统治的政变。那是拉丁美洲最黑暗的时期之一，当时滥用武力的军事强权者统治着拉美大部分地区。数千名持不同政见者被折磨和杀害。亚当·艾萨克森表示，这些独裁政权最终倒台后，新一代平民总统努力让政府摆脱军事影响。

ISACSON: Everything from getting the military out of policing, getting civilians¹² in charge of defense¹³ ministries¹⁴, just this brick-by-brick building this new edifice¹⁵ of civilian control of the military.

艾萨克森：这包括让军队脱离治安工作、让平民掌管国防部门，一点一点地构筑这座平民控制军队的新大厦。

OTIS: So why is this edifice now revealing so many cracks? For starters, polls show growing frustration¹⁶ with Latin America's civilian governments, mainly due to corruption¹⁷, economic stagnation¹⁸ and rising crime. Presidents often react by adding decorated officers to their inner circles and deploying¹⁹ troops for everything from crowd control to collecting garbage during strikes by sanitation²⁰ workers.

奥蒂斯：那为什么现在这座大厦出现了这么多裂缝？首先，民调显示人们对拉丁美洲的文官政府越来越失望，主要原因是腐败、经济停滞和犯罪率不断上升。总统所做回应通常是在核心集团中增加获得过勋章的官员，并部署军队解决一切问题，比如在环卫工人罢工期间控制人群并收集垃圾。

FRANK MORA: The military becomes sort of the go-to institution at a time when there's a demand from the public to do something.

弗兰克：莫拉：当公众要求采取行动时，军队就成为了关键机构。

OTIS: That's Frank Mora, who heads the Latin America and Caribbean Center at Florida International University. He says that, for younger Latin Americans who never lived under martial²¹ law, the armed forces can seem like a benevolent²² institution that follows orders and gets things done. Still, Mora says it's unlikely that the region will return to full fledged military rule. For one thing, officers are actually quite wary²³ about taking on some on their new duties, especially policing. It can tarnish²⁴ their reputations, as in Bolivia, where recent clashes between soldiers and protesters left 36 people dead.

奥蒂斯：这是佛罗里达国际大学拉丁美洲和加勒比中心的负责人弗兰克·莫拉所说。他表示，对于从未经历过戒严令的拉丁美洲年轻人来说，武装部队可能就像是听命办事的慈善机构。不过莫拉说，该地区不太可能回归全面的军事统治。一方面，官员实际上对承担一些新职责——尤其是治安工作——非常谨慎。这可能会损害他们的名誉，比如玻利维亚发生的情况，最近士兵和抗议者之间爆发的冲突导致36人死亡。

MORA: The military is not trained to do this, and they know that.

莫拉：军队没有受过这样的训练，他们知道这一点。

OTIS: What's more, analysts²⁵ say that the way things stand now — Latin American militaries have the best of both worlds. They enjoy growing clout²⁶ in government. Yet civilian presidents take the rap when things go wrong. For NPR News, I'm John Otis.

奥蒂斯：更重要的是，分析人士认为，目前的情况是拉丁美洲的军队正在两头受益。他们在政府中享有的影响力与日俱增。而在出现问题时，承担责任的是平民总统。NPR新闻，约翰·奥蒂斯报道。

1 civilian   

adj.平民的，民用的，民众的

参考例句：

• There is no reliable information about civilian casualties.关于平民的伤亡还没有确凿的信息。
• He resigned his commission to take up a civilian job.他辞去军职而从事平民工作。

2 byline   

n.署名；v.署名

参考例句：

• His byline was absent as well.他的署名也不见了。
• We wish to thank the author of this article which carries no byline.我们要感谢这篇文章的那位没有署名的作者。

3 marred   

adj. 被损毁, 污损的

参考例句：

• The game was marred by the behaviour of drunken fans. 喝醉了的球迷行为不轨，把比赛给搅了。
• Bad diction marred the effectiveness of his speech. 措词不当影响了他演说的效果。

4 briefly   

adv.简单地，简短地

参考例句：

• I want to touch briefly on another aspect of the problem.我想简单地谈一下这个问题的另一方面。
• He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group.他被一个恐怖组织绑架并短暂拘禁。

5 intimidate   

vt.恐吓，威胁

参考例句：

• You think you can intimidate people into doing what you want?你以为你可以威胁别人做任何事？
• The first strike capacity is intended mainly to intimidate adversary.第一次攻击的武力主要是用来吓阻敌方的。

6 disperse   

vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散

参考例句：

• The cattle were swinging their tails to disperse the flies.那些牛甩动着尾巴驱赶苍蝇。
• The children disperse for the holidays.孩子们放假了。

7 stark   

adj.荒凉的；严酷的；完全的；adv.完全地

参考例句：

• The young man is faced with a stark choice.这位年轻人面临严峻的抉择。
• He gave a stark denial to the rumor.他对谣言加以完全的否认。

8 commemorate   

vt.纪念，庆祝

参考例句：

• This building was built to commemorate the Fire of London.这栋大楼是为纪念“伦敦大火”而兴建的。
• We commemorate the founding of our nation with a public holiday.我们放假一日以庆祝国庆。

9 coup   

n.政变；突然而成功的行动

参考例句：

• The monarch was ousted by a military coup.那君主被军事政变者废黜了。
• That government was overthrown in a military coup three years ago.那个政府在3年前的军事政变中被推翻。

10 ushered   

v.引，领，陪同( usher的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The secretary ushered me into his office. 秘书把我领进他的办公室。
• A round of parties ushered in the New Year. 一系列的晚会迎来了新年。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 collapsed   

adj.倒塌的

参考例句：

• Jack collapsed in agony on the floor. 杰克十分痛苦地瘫倒在地板上。
• The roof collapsed under the weight of snow. 房顶在雪的重压下突然坍塌下来。

12 civilians   

平民，百姓( civilian的名词复数 )； 老百姓

参考例句：

• the bloody massacre of innocent civilians 对无辜平民的血腥屠杀
• At least 300 civilians are unaccounted for after the bombing raids. 遭轰炸袭击之后，至少有300名平民下落不明。

13 defense   

n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩

参考例句：

• The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
• The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。

14 ministries   

（政府的）部( ministry的名词复数 )； 神职； 牧师职位； 神职任期

参考例句：

• Local authorities must refer everything to the central ministries. 地方管理机构应请示中央主管部门。
• The number of Ministries has been pared down by a third. 部委的数量已经减少了1/3。

15 edifice   

n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室)

参考例句：

• The American consulate was a magnificent edifice in the centre of Bordeaux.美国领事馆是位于波尔多市中心的一座宏伟的大厦。
• There is a huge Victorian edifice in the area.该地区有一幢维多利亚式的庞大建筑物。

16 frustration   

n.挫折，失败，失效，落空

参考例句：

• He had to fight back tears of frustration.他不得不强忍住失意的泪水。
• He beat his hands on the steering wheel in frustration.他沮丧地用手打了几下方向盘。

17 corruption   

n.腐败，堕落，贪污

参考例句：

• The people asked the government to hit out against corruption and theft.人民要求政府严惩贪污盗窃。
• The old man reviled against corruption.那老人痛斥了贪污舞弊。

18 stagnation   

n. 停滞

参考例句：

• Poor economic policies led to a long period of stagnation and decline. 糟糕的经济政策道致了长时间的经济萧条和下滑。
• Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative. 运动是绝对的，而静止是相对的。

19 deploying   

（尤指军事行动）使展开( deploy的现在分词 )； 施展； 部署； 有效地利用

参考例句：

• Provides support for developing and deploying distributed, component-based applications. 为开发和部署基于组件的分布式应用程序提供支持。
• Advertisement, publishing, repair, and install-on-demand are all available when deploying your application. 在部署应用程序时提供公布、发布、修复和即需即装功能。

20 sanitation   

n.公共卫生，环境卫生，卫生设备

参考例句：

• The location is exceptionally poor,viewed from the sanitation point.从卫生角度来看，这个地段非常糟糕。
• Many illnesses are the result,f inadequate sanitation.许多疾病都来源于不健全的卫生设施。

21 martial   

adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的

参考例句：

• The sound of martial music is always inspiring.军乐声总是鼓舞人心的。
• The officer was convicted of desertion at a court martial.这名军官在军事法庭上被判犯了擅离职守罪。

22 benevolent   

adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的

参考例句：

• His benevolent nature prevented him from refusing any beggar who accosted him.他乐善好施的本性使他不会拒绝走上前向他行乞的任何一个乞丐。
• He was a benevolent old man and he wouldn't hurt a fly.他是一个仁慈的老人，连只苍蝇都不愿伤害。

23 wary   

adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的

参考例句：

• He is wary of telling secrets to others.他谨防向他人泄露秘密。
• Paula frowned,suddenly wary.宝拉皱了皱眉头，突然警惕起来。

24 tarnish   

n.晦暗，污点；vt.使失去光泽；玷污

参考例句：

• The affair could tarnish the reputation of the prime minister.这一事件可能有损首相的名誉。
• Stainless steel products won't tarnish.不锈钢产品不会失去光泽。

25 analysts   

分析家，化验员( analyst的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• City analysts forecast huge profits this year. 伦敦金融分析家预测今年的利润非常丰厚。
• I was impressed by the high calibre of the researchers and analysts. 研究人员和分析人员的高素质给我留下了深刻印象。

26 clout   

n.用手猛击；权力，影响力

参考例句：

• The queen may have privilege but she has no real political clout.女王有特权，但无真正的政治影响力。
• He gave the little boy a clout on the head.他在那小男孩的头部打了一下。