美国国家公共电台 NPR 特朗普计划废除并替代奥巴马时代的公平住房规定

President Trump¹ announced today that he would repeal² and replace an Obama-era housing rule aimed at reducing racial discrimination. It is a move that's not just about housing policy; it's also about Trump's bid to get reelected. He is engaging in a larger political strategy here to target swing voters in the suburbs, and the president's leaning on fear and racial divisions as he makes that pitch. NPR's Danielle Kurtzleben is here to talk with us about it. Hi, Danielle.

特朗普总统今天宣布，他将废除并替代奥巴马时代旨在减少种族歧视的住房规定。此举不仅关乎住房政策，也与特朗普争取连任有关。他正致力于一项更大规模的政治策略，目标是郊区的摇摆选民，总统在宣传这一策略时，会依靠恐惧和种族分裂。NPR新闻的丹妮尔·库兹勒本将带来详细报道。你好，丹妮尔。

DANIELLE KURTZLEBEN, BYLINE³: Hello.

丹妮尔·库兹勒本连线：你好。

SHAPIRO: Begin by explaining for us what this Obama housing rule that Trump is repealing⁴ actually did.

夏皮罗：请先解释一下特朗普计划废除的奥巴马住房规定。

KURTZLEBEN: Sure. So it's a rule known as the Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing Rule, or AFFH for short. It was created under the umbrella of the 1968 Fair Housing Act, so it was created decades after that landmark⁵ law was passed. And it was aimed at eliminating racial housing discrimination and segregation⁶. And we should mention here that the Justice Department sued the Trump family business in the early 1970s for housing discrimination at their family properties, so there is some related history here.

库兹勒本：好。这项规定名为“深化促进公平住房法案”（简称AFFH）。该法依据1968年的《公平住房法案》创建，在这项具里程碑意义的法律通过数十年后制定。该法旨在消除住房种族歧视和种族隔离。我们要指出的是，美国司法部曾在上世纪70年代初起诉特朗普家族企业，因为其家族住宅存在住房歧视，这是一些相关历史。

But basically this rule said this — that if you're a community receiving federal housing funds, you have to do an assessment⁷ that looks for patterns of housing discrimination or segregation and then have plans to eliminate it. So it was instituted in 2015, but then the Trump administration greatly weakened it just two and a half years later. So there wasn't a lot of time for it to really get off the ground and have an effect.

但基本上来说，该法规定，如果一个社区接受联邦住房资助，那其就必须进行评估，确定住房歧视或隔离的模式，然后制定消除计划。该法案在2015年制定，但在两年半之后，特朗普政府就大大削弱了该法案的效力。所以，该法并没有太多时间取得进展并产生效果。

Now, proponents⁸ of the rules say that this rule gave the Fair Housing Act more teeth and just made it more enforceable, that it might mean that a community looks and sees that it needs to, you know, add more apartments, for example, something that allows people who can't afford a house, for example, to live there. So it might mean in practice rezoning a community so it's not just for detached, single-family homes.

现在，这些规定的支持者表示，该法规赋予了《公平住房法案》更多效力，使其更具可执行性，这可能意味着社区需要增加更多公寓，允许买不起房的人住在那里。因此，这可能意味着在实践中重新划分社区，这不仅涉及独立的单户家庭住宅。

SHAPIRO: Danielle, you said that the Trump administration dramatically weakened this rule in 2018. So why take this step now?

夏皮罗：丹妮尔，你刚提到特朗普政府在2018年大幅削弱了这项规定。那为什么现在采取这一步骤？

KURTZLEBEN: Well, the White House today said that the rule is an example of federal overreach and that the rule will discourage homeownership. And we should say opponents also say that the rule doesn't effectively bring down housing prices. The White House says that they are instituting a new rule to replace this one that they say would give power back to local communities.

库兹勒本：白宫今天表示，这项规定是联邦越权的例证，而且会阻碍房屋所有权。我们应该指出的是，反对者也表示，该法规不能有效降低房价。白宫表示，他们将制定一项新规来替代这项规定，他们称新规将把权力还给地方社区。

But this is also, of course, part of a larger political play that you mentioned. We should say here that when Trump talks about this rule, he's generally not making a nuanced policy pitch about housing stock, for example. He's making a political pitch. He's been saying that Democrat⁹ Joe Biden, who says he is in favor of this rule, that he would want to, quote, "end single-family zoning." Now, that's not true, but this rule definitely could lead some communities to reduce that kind of zoning. Trump then turns that into an argument that Biden wants to, quote, "abolish the suburbs" — of course, also not true. Biden has no such plan, and the Biden campaign has been calling this a smear¹⁰.

当然，这也是你刚提到的更大规模政治计划的一部分。我们要说的是，当特朗普谈论这项规定时，他一般不会对住宅存量进行细致的政策宣传。他会进行政治宣传。他一直在说，民主党人乔·拜登表态称支持这项规定，他想“结束单一家庭分区”。这并不是事实，但这项规定肯定会导致一些社区减少这种分区。之后，特朗普将这变成了一种论点，称拜登想“废除郊区”——当然，这也不是事实。拜登没有这类计划，拜登竞选团队一直称这是抹黑。

SHAPIRO: So if this is a political tactic¹¹ to win suburban¹² voters, tell us about how important that voting group is in this election in November.

夏皮罗：如果这是赢得郊区选民的政治策略，请介绍一下这个投票群体在11月的大选中有多重要？

KURTZLEBEN: Very. They're very important. They're — in part because they're plentiful¹³. They made up half the electorate¹⁴ in 2016. And also, there are a lot of swing voters in the suburbs, particularly white women. Trump knows this. Today he tweeted about how the, quote, "suburban housewives of America" should read up on this policy. And he's implicitly¹⁵ making a racial pitch here because this is about a race-based policy. But the suburbs have been growing more diverse and more educated, by the way, and those are trends that both work against Donald Trump.

库兹勒本：非常非常重要。部分原因在于这个群体人数众多。这个选民群体在2016年大选中的占比高达一半。另外，郊区还有很多摇摆选民，尤其是白人女性。特朗普很清楚这一点。今天，他发推谈及“美国郊区主扫”应该如何解读这项政策。他在暗中进行种族宣传，因为这是基于种族的政策。不过顺便说一下，郊区越来越多样化，教育程度也在不断提高，而这两个趋势都对唐纳德·特朗普不利。

SHAPIRO: That's NPR's Danielle Kurtzleben. Thank you.

夏皮罗：以上是NPR新闻的丹妮尔·库兹勒本带来的报道。谢谢你。

KURTZLEBEN: Yes. Thank you.

库兹勒本：谢谢。

1 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

2 repeal   

n.废止，撤消；v.废止，撤消

参考例句：

• He plans to repeal a number of current policies.他计划废除一些当前的政策。
• He has made out a strong case for the repeal of the law.他提出强有力的理由，赞成废除该法令。

3 byline   

n.署名；v.署名

参考例句：

• His byline was absent as well.他的署名也不见了。
• We wish to thank the author of this article which carries no byline.我们要感谢这篇文章的那位没有署名的作者。

4 repealing   

撤销，废除( repeal的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• In addition, repealing the alternative minimum tax would also help. 此外，废除替代性最低税也会有所帮助。
• Repealing the investment tax credit. 取消投资税款扣除。

5 landmark   

n.陆标，划时代的事，地界标

参考例句：

• The Russian Revolution represents a landmark in world history.俄国革命是世界历史上的一个里程碑。
• The tower was once a landmark for ships.这座塔曾是船只的陆标。

6 segregation   

n.隔离，种族隔离

参考例句：

• Many school boards found segregation a hot potato in the early 1960s.在60年代初，许多学校部门都觉得按水平分班是一个棘手的问题。
• They were tired to death of segregation and of being kicked around.他们十分厌恶种族隔离和总是被人踢来踢去。

7 assessment   

n.评价；评估；对财产的估价，被估定的金额

参考例句：

• This is a very perceptive assessment of the situation.这是一个对该情况的极富洞察力的评价。
• What is your assessment of the situation?你对时局的看法如何？

8 proponents   

n.（某事业、理论等的）支持者，拥护者( proponent的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Reviewing courts were among the most active proponents of hybrid rulemaking procedures. 复审法院是最积极的混合型规则制定程序的建议者。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法
• Proponents of such opinions were arrested as 'traitors. ' 提倡这种主张的人马上作为“卖国贼”逮捕起来。 来自辞典例句

9 democrat   

n.民主主义者，民主人士；民主党党员

参考例句：

• The Democrat and the Public criticized each other.民主党人和共和党人互相攻击。
• About two years later,he was defeated by Democrat Jimmy Carter.大约两年后，他被民主党人杰米卡特击败。

10 smear   

v.涂抹；诽谤，玷污；n.污点；诽谤，污蔑

参考例句：

• He has been spreading false stories in an attempt to smear us.他一直在散布谎言企图诽谤我们。
• There's a smear on your shirt.你衬衫上有个污点。

11 tactic   

n.战略，策略；adj.战术的，有策略的

参考例句：

• Reducing prices is a common sales tactic.降价是常用的销售策略。
• She had often used the tactic of threatening to resign.她惯用以辞职相威胁的手法。

12 suburban   

adj.城郊的，在郊区的

参考例句：

• Suburban shopping centers were springing up all over America. 效区的商业中心在美国如雨后春笋般地兴起。
• There's a lot of good things about suburban living.郊区生活是有许多优点。

13 plentiful   

adj.富裕的，丰富的

参考例句：

• Their family has a plentiful harvest this year.他们家今年又丰收了。
• Rainfall is plentiful in the area.这个地区雨量充足。

14 electorate   

n.全体选民；选区

参考例句：

• The government was responsible to the electorate.政府对全体选民负责。
• He has the backing of almost a quarter of the electorate.他得到了几乎1/4选民的支持。

15 implicitly   

adv. 含蓄地, 暗中地, 毫不保留地

参考例句：

• Many verbs and many words of other kinds are implicitly causal. 许多动词和许多其他类词都蕴涵着因果关系。
• I can trust Mr. Somerville implicitly, I suppose? 我想，我可以毫无保留地信任萨莫维尔先生吧？