美国学生历史 第200期:解放奴隶宣言(5)

 409. The Emancipation¹ Proclamation, 1863. 409．《解放奴隶宣言》（1863年）

On September 23, 1862, Lincoln issued a proclamation stating that on the first day of the new year he would declare free all slaves in any portion of the United States then in rebellion. 1862年9月23日，林肯签署一个宣言，这份宣言说他将在新年的第一天宣布解放美国各地的所有奴隶，并随之宣布解放在叛乱地区的所有奴隶。

On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation. 1863年1月1日，林肯签发《解放奴隶宣言》，

This proclamation could be enforced only in those portions of the seceded³ states which were held by the Union armies. 这份宣言有一个强制执行的区域范围，即仅仅在联邦军队所占领那些已经正式退出联邦区域强制执行；

It did not free slaves in loyal states and did not abolish the institution of slavery anywhere. 它不在忠诚于联邦的州解放奴隶，也不到处废止奴隶制制度。

Slavery was abolished by the states of West Virginia, Missouri, and Maryland between 1862 and 1864. 西弗吉尼亚、密苏里和马里兰在1862年至1864年间废除了奴隶制，

Finally, in 1865, it was abolished throughout the United States by the adoption⁴ of the Thirteenth Amendment⁵. 最后，1865年通过《第十三条修正案》在全美废除奴隶制。

410. Northern Opposition⁶ to the War. 410．北方人对战争的反对

Many persons in the North thought that the Southerners had a perfect right to secede² if they wished. 许多北方人认为南方人完全有权力根据自己的意愿退出联邦，

Some of these persons sympathized so strongly with the Southerners that they gave them important information and did all they could to prevent the success of the Union forces. 有的人非常同情南方人，他们给南方人送去重要信息并竭尽全力阻止联邦军队获胜。

It was hard to prove anything against these Southern sympathizers, but it was dangerous to leave them at liberty. 找到反对南方联盟同情者的理由很难，但让他们为所欲为是危险的，

So Lincoln ordered many of them to be arrested and locked up. 因此，林肯下令逮捕他们当中的许多人，并将他们囚禁起来。

Now the Constitution provides that every citizen shall have a speedy trial. 此时《宪法》规定所有公民都应接受即时讯问，

This is brought about by the issuing a writ⁷ of habeas corpus, compelling the jailer to bring his prisoner into court and show cause why he should not be set at liberty. 这一点通过签署颁布《让被拘押者到庭作证令状》来实施，它要求看守监狱的人将犯人带到法庭并解释不释放犯人的原因。

Lincoln now suspended the operation of the writ of habeas corpus. 现在林肯要中止这个作证令状的实施，

This action angered many persons who were quite willing that the Southerners should be compelled to obey the law, 这个举动让许多人感到生气，他们非常愿意看到南方人被迫服从这项法律，

but did not like to have their neighbors arrested and locked up without trial. 但他们不希望不经过讯问就将他们的邻居逮捕并囚禁起来。

411. The Draft Riots. 411．征兵骚乱

At the outset both armies were made up of volunteers; soon there were not enough volunteers. 战争开始时双方的军队都是由志愿者组成，很快就没有足够的志愿者了，

Both governments then drafted men for their armies; that is, they picked out by lot certain men and compelled them to become soldiers. 双方的政府随之征兵以充实部队，即他们分批次挑选出一定的男子并迫使他们入伍，

The draft was bitterly resisted in some parts of the North, especially in New York City. 北方许多地方强烈反对征兵，在纽约城更是如此。

1 emancipation   

n.（从束缚、支配下）解放

参考例句：

• We must arouse them to fight for their own emancipation. 我们必须唤起他们为其自身的解放而斗争。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• They rejoiced over their own emancipation. 他们为自己的解放感到欢欣鼓舞。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 secede   

v.退出，脱离

参考例句：

• They plotted to make the whole Mississippi Valley secede from the United States.他们阴谋策划使整个密西西比流域脱离美国。
• We won't allow Tibet to secede from China and become an independent nation.我们决不允许西藏脱离中国独立。

3 seceded   

v.脱离，退出( secede的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The Republic of Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903. 巴拿马共和国于1903年脱离哥伦比亚。
• One of the states has seceded from the federation. 有一个州已从联邦中退出。 来自辞典例句

4 adoption   

n.采用，采纳，通过；收养

参考例句：

• An adoption agency had sent the boys to two different families.一个收养机构把他们送给两个不同的家庭。
• The adoption of this policy would relieve them of a tremendous burden.采取这一政策会给他们解除一个巨大的负担。

5 amendment   

n.改正，修正，改善，修正案

参考例句：

• The amendment was rejected by 207 voters to 143.这项修正案以207票对143票被否决。
• The Opposition has tabled an amendment to the bill.反对党已经就该议案提交了一项修正条款。

6 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

7 writ   

n.命令状，书面命令

参考例句：

• This is a copy of a writ I received this morning.这是今早我收到的书面命令副本。
• You shouldn't treat the newspapers as if they were Holy Writ. 你不应该把报上说的话奉若神明。