美国学生历史 第77期:政治党派的出现(2)

 　　208. The Republicans. 208．共和党人

　　Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Albert Gallatin, and their friends entirely¹ disagreed with the Federalists on all of these points. They called themselves Republicans. 托马斯o杰佛逊、詹姆斯o麦迪逊、阿尔伯特o加勒廷这些人和他们的朋友们完全反对联邦党的所有观点，他们自称为共和党人。

　　In the Great Declaration Jefferson had written that government rested on the consent of the governed. 在《独立宣言》中杰佛逊写道，政府依靠它所管理的人的同意，

　　He also thought that the common sense of the plain people was a safer guide than the wisdom of the richer classes. 他还认为平民的常识是一个相对于富足阶级智慧而言更为安全的指南。

　　He was indignant at the way in which Hamilton defined the meaning of phrases in the Constitution. 汉米尔顿解释宪法中词语意义的方式令杰佛逊愤慨，

　　He especially relied on the words of the Tenth Amendment². 杰佛逊特别信赖第十处修正，

　　This amendment provided that "all powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the states are reserved to the states respectively or to the people." 这个修正规定"所有宪法没有授权给美国或者宪法没有禁止的权力都为各个州保留下来，或者说，都为人民保留下来"。

　　Jefferson thought that phrases like "not delegated" and "necessary and proper" should be understood in their ordinary meanings. 杰佛逊认为，像"没有授权"和"必要而适当"这样的短语都应该根据其日常意义来理解。

　　He now determined³ to arouse public opinion. 此刻，杰佛逊决定唤醒公共舆论，

　　He once declared that if he had to choose between having a government and having a newspaper press, he should prefer the newspaper press. 有一次他宣称：如果必须在拥有一个政府和拥有一家报社之间做出选择，他情愿选择后者。

　　He established a newspaper devoted⁴ to his principles and began a violent and determined attack on the Federalists, calling them monarchists. 杰佛逊创建一份传播其信念的报纸，并开始向"联邦党"展开猛烈而坚决的攻击，把他们叫做"君主制主义者"。

　　These disputes became especially violent in the treatment of the questions which grew out of the French Revolution. 在处置由法国革命所引发的那些问题时，这些争议变得尤为激烈。

1 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

2 amendment   

n.改正，修正，改善，修正案

参考例句：

• The amendment was rejected by 207 voters to 143.这项修正案以207票对143票被否决。
• The Opposition has tabled an amendment to the bill.反对党已经就该议案提交了一项修正条款。

3 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

4 devoted   

adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的

参考例句：

• He devoted his life to the educational cause of the motherland.他为祖国的教育事业贡献了一生。
• We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。